SHORT CUT KEYS FOR Linux
INTRODUCTION
An operating system is responsible for directly managing a system’s hardware resources like CPU, memory and storage. Linux is one of the most widely-used open-source operating system. It is a bundle of tools, programs and services along with the lInux kernel which provides a fully functional operating system. Linux can be differentiated from other operating systems in many ways. Firstly, Linux is an open-source software. Different Linux distributions come with different software options. Each distribution has its own approach on desktop interfaces. As such, users have the ability to choose core components such as graphics, user-interface, etc., as per their preference.
Here, we have attempted to cover the widely used Linux commands. With new Linux distributions, there are chances of a few commands getting deprecated. So, make sure you keep up with the new releases, their new additions and commands which are rendered deprecated.
1. GENERAL SHELL COMMANDS
COMMAND | SYNTAX |
alias | alias home=’cd home/hackr/public_html’ |
set-x | set [--aefhkntuvx[argument]], where a, e, f, h, k, n, t, u, v, x are the different options that can be used with this command. |
\ | |
script | script [options] [file] |
~ | |
reset | reset [terminal] There are a number of options that can be used with reset to customize the output. |
exit | exit |
logout | logout |
echo | echo “text” echo rm -R |
history | history n – Lists the last n number of commands !<command_name> will list the last command typed with <command_name> |
| |
2. COMBINATION KEYS
CTRL+D | It is an end-of-file key combination and can be used to log out of any terminal. |
CTRL+Z | This key combination is used to stop a process. Also, it can be used to run a background process. |
CTRL+A | CTRL+E | These key combinations are used to navigate to the start and the end of a line on the command line. |
CTRL+K | Used to delete what is in front of the cursor. |
CTRL+Y | Pastes the last text that was deleted. |
CTRL+W | Cuts or deletes the entire line that has been typed. |
SCREEN | This command is used to switch between multiple virtual terminals. It is mainly useful with remote login. By default, you start with one terminal. CTRL + A & C can be used to create a new virtual terminal. |
CTRL+N | CTRL + N is used to go to the next virtual terminal |
CTRL+P | CTRL + P is used to go to the previous virtual terminal. |
CTRL+C | This combination key breaks/kills a process that is running on the terminal. |
CTRL+ALT+DEL | This key combination can be used from a terminal to reboot or shutdown. Here the user does not have to be logged in. |
3. HELP
man | Displays the summary of a program from an online manual. | man <program_name> man -f: Lists the details associated with the command. man -K <keyword> : searches the manual for the specified keyword. |
info | Gives a more detailed hyper-text manual on a particular command. | info <program_name> |
what's | Describes a program in one-line. | whatis <program_name> |
apropos | It searches the database for strings. | apropos <string> |
4. INPUT/OUTPUT
> | Send information to a file. | cat file1 file2 > file1_and2.txt |
< | Inserts information into a text file. It is generally used with other commands that are used to extract information through standard input. | Ex: tr ‘[A-Z]’ ‘[a-z]’ <filename.txt >newfilename.txt |
>> | Appends information at the end of file. It creates the file if it does not exist. | |
<< | It is mainly used in shell scripting. It is also used with command that are used to extract information. | |
2> | Used for redirecting error output. | |
| | It sends the output of one command as an input for another command. | |
Tee | Sends the output of a file to the standard output. | tee -options file_name.txt |
&> | Used to redirect output to a specific location | make &> /dev/null |
COMMAND | | |
'' | Used to direct the output of the second command to the first command. | 1st_command `2nd_command -options` |
$ | Used to direct the output of the second command to the first command. | 1s t_command $(2n d Command) |
| | Used to direct the output of the second command to the first command. | cat command1 | command2 |
MULTIPLE COMMAND | | |
&& | Runs the 2n d command only if the 1s t command runs successfully. | 1s tcommand && 2nd Command |
|| | Runs the 2n d command only if the 2n d command does not run successfully. | 1s t Command || 2n d Command |
; | 2n d Command is executed after the 1s t Command is executed. | 1s t Command; 2n d Command |
5. FILE MANAGEMENT & FILE HANDLING
access | This command is used to check if a program has access to a specified file or whether the file exists or not. | access (const char *path, int mode) |
awk | This command is a scripting language used for manipulating data and generating reports. | awk -options filename.txt |
batch | This command is used to read commands from the standard input or a file and execute them when permitted by system load levels. | batch |
bc | Used for command line calculator | bc -options file_name.txt |
cd | Change Directory. Used to go to the previous directory. Can be used with the absolute path or the relative path. | cd cd pathname |
Is | Lists files and directories. Does not list hidden files or directories | ls -options, where options can be l, a, d, F, S, R. |
pwd | Print the current working directory | pwd |
tree | Lists all files and directory recursively. | tree |
find | This is used to search for files on a filesystem. The search can be customized with many options. | find / -name file |
Slocate | Lists all the files in the system that match the specified pattern | slocate string |
Whereis | It locates the source, binary and the manual page for a particular program. | whereis program_name |
which | It only looks for the executable program | which program_name |
mkdir | Make Directory. | mkdir Dir1 mkdir -p /home/dir1/dir2/dir3 This command creates dir1, dir2 and dir3 as it goes. |
rm | Removes or delete a file or a directory | rm -options file_or_folder |
rmdir | Removes an empty directory. | rmdir directory |
mv | Used to move a file or directory to another location. It can also be used to rename a file or a directory. | mv existing_file/folder new_location |
cp | Copy a file | cp -options file_to_be_copied new_location |
In | Used to create a link to a file. Links can be hard-links or symbolic links. A hard-link is a reference to a file while a symbolic-link is similar to a shortcut link. | ln target_name link_name ln -s target_name link_name |
shred | Overwrites a file and removes it in order to make it irretrievable by the software or hardware. | shred -n 2 -z -v /dev/hda1 |
du | It is used to display information about the file size. It can also be used on directories, which then displays the information about all the size of all the files and subdirectories. | du -options file_name/directory_name |
file | It shows the type of a particular file. It displays the inode number, creation data/access date along with some advanced options. | file file_name |
stat | Give detailed information about a file. | stat file |
dd | Used to create copies of disks, perform conversions on files and very the block size while writing the file. | dd operand dd option dd inputfile_path outputfile_path |
touch | Used to create empty files. It is also used to increase the timestamps on the file. | touch -t 09072019 filename.txt |
split | It is used to split files into several small files. | split -options filename split -b xx – splits the file into xx bytes, split -k xx – splits the file into xx kilobytes split -m xx – splits the file into xx megabytes |
rename | It is used to rename files as per regular expression. | rename -options file_name |
6. SYSTEM INFORMATION
time | It is a utility that measures the time taken by a program to execute. | time program_name options |
/proc | The files under /proc displays system information. | cat /proc/cpuinfo – displays information about the CPU. |
dmseg | This command is used to print the contents of the bootup messages displayed by the kernel. This is particularly useful in debugging issues. | dmseg |
df | Displays the information about the space on the mounted file-systems. | df -options /dev/hdx |
who | Displays information about the logged in users including their login time. | who |
w | This command displays who are logged in into the system and the processes they are running. | w |
users | This command prints the name of the currently logged in users. | users |
last | This command displays the time of the logged-out users. This also displays the information when the computer was rebooted. | last |
lastlog | Displays a list of the users and the time/day of their login. | lastlog |
whoami | t tells the username of the logged in user. | whoami – it does not need or take any options. |
free | Displays memory status. (Total, Used, Free, cached, Swap) | free -tm, where t displays the total statistics and m displays the space in megabytes. |
uptime | w | It displays how long the computer has been up and running. Additionally, it displays the number of users and the processor load. | |
uname | It is used to display system information such as OS type, kernel version, etc. | uname -options, where the options can be – a, n, m, s, r, p |
xargs | This command is used to run a command as many times as required. | Ex: ls | xargs grep “search string” The various options that go with it are: - Nx, lx, p, t, i. |
date | It is used to display the system. It can also be used to set the date/time. | date -s hh:mm:ss |
cal | This command displays the calendar of the current month. | cal -y – Displays the calendar of the specific year. |
acpi | This command is used to display the battery status and other ACPI(Advanced Configuration and Power Information) related information. | acpi -options Using different options will give different system information. |
acpi_available | This command is used to test if the ACPI subsystem is available. | acpi-available |
aptitude | This command opens up a highly built-in interface to interact with the package manager of the machine. | |
7. SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
proc | This command gives information about the hard- drive. | cd /proc/ide0/had |
fdisk | It gives information on any hard drives that is connected to the system and their partitions. | fdisk |
shutdown now | It starts the process of shut-down immediately. This command can also mean go to a single user mode. This command can also be used to shutdown a system at a particular time. | shutdown now |
halt | This command shuts down the system immediately. | same as shutdown -h |
reboot | This command is used to reboot the computer immediately. | same as shutdown -r |
ps | This displays the list of processes running on the system. When used without any options, it lists the processes run by the current user in the controlling terminal. | ps -aux: lists all processes run by all users. |
pstree | Lists all the processes in a tree structure. | pstree -p: lists all processes along with their ID’s |
pgrep | This command is used for finding processes via keyword terms. Generally, this command returns only the PID no. It can be used to list process names or via usernames. | pgrep |
top | This command is used to list process in the order of CPU usage. It has many additional options that go with it, which helps to get the desired result. | top |
kill | This command is used to kill a process. It requires the pid or the id of the process. | kill pid kill %id |
killall | This command is used to kill a process by its name. | killall -v: will make the process report if the kill was successful. killall -i – will prompt the user to confirm before attempting the kill. |
pkill | This command is used to kill a process specified by a regular expression. | pkill process_name pkill -u: is used to kill the processes of a certain user. |
skill | It is used to continue, kill, stop the process. The process can be specified via username, command name or process-id. | Ex: skill -stop unauthorised_username |
jobs | It displays the list of currently running jobs in order of execution. This command is available only in bash, csh, ksh and tcsh shells. | jobs [job_name] |
bg | It runs a process in the background. An & sign at the end of the command can also be used to run a job at the background. | bg job_number bg job_name |
fg | This command is used to bring a process at the foreground. This will take over your current terminal. | fg job_number fg job_id |
nice | This command is used to set the CPU priority for a process. In order to set a higher priority for a process, the user needs to be a root user. However, any user can lower the priority of a process. | nice -20 <process_name>: sets the maximum priority nice 20 <process_name>:: sets the minimum priority |
renice | Changes the priority of an existing command. | |
snice | Along with changing the priorities of a process, snice can also be used to stop, continue or kill a process. | snice -upctvi, where u,p,c,t,v,I are all options that make snice perform differently. |
service | It allows to perform different tasks on services. | service -sfR, where s, f, R are all different options that can be used with it. |
autoconf | This command is used in Linux to generate configuration scripts. | |
8. USER MANAGEMENT
su username | This command is used to switch to a different username. In order to return to the original username, you need to type exit or use CTRL+D. | su username |
root | This is the superuser. The overall power of the system lies with this user. This includes all administrative powers as well. | |
chsh | this command is used to change the login shell | chsh [enter] <shell_name> to be used every time you login. |
chfn | This command is used to change the finger information. This change is reflected in the /ect/passwd file | chfn user_name |
passwd | This command can only be executed by the root user. It allows the user to change the password of a user. | passwd username |
9. TEXT COMMANDS
vi | It is a very powerful text editor which is known for its minimal use of resources. | |
emacs | It is an advanced text editor which enables a user to browse the internet, play games, chat, etc. | |
head | When used without any options, it shows the first 10 lines of a file. | head -n x, where x specifies the number of lines to be displayed from the top. |
tail | When used without any options, it is used to show the last 10 lines of a file. | tail -n x, where x specifies the number of lines to be displayed from the last. |
less | This command enables to view text and scroll backwards and forwards. | less <file-name> |
more | This command enables to view one page at a time. | |
cat | Used to concatenate/combine multiple files into one. | cat <file_1> <file_2> > <new_file> |
tac | Combines multiple files into one, however the files will be combines in reverse order. | tac <file_1> <file_2> > <new_file> |
z* | bz* commands | Commands can be prefixed with a z in order to allow them to work within a gzip compressed file. | |
wc | This returns the word count in a text file. | wc -wlc <filename>, where w returns the number of words, l returns the number of lines and c returns the number fo characters. |
style | This command allows to run various readability tests on a file. | style -options <file_name> |
cmp | This command is used to determine the differences between two files, at the binary level. | cmp -option filename1.txt filename2.txt |
diff | This command outputs the difference in text between two files. | diff <flie_name1> <file_name2> |
sdiff | This command displays the file contents in two columns. | sdiff <flie_name1> <file_name2> |
diff3 | This command outputs the difference in text between three files. | diff <flie_name1> <file_name2> <file_name3> |
comm | This command enables us to compare two files and displays the unique contents of file1, unique contents of file2 and those common to both in three separate columns. | comm <file1> <file2> Options -1, -2, -3 can be used to suppress the display of the corresponding column. |
look | This command enables you to display a list of words from the system dictionary that begins with a specified string. | look <string> |
sort | This command is used to sort text in a file. When used without any options, it sorts the text alphabetically. It is a powerful command and can be used with many options to achieve the required output. | cat result_list.txt | sort |
join | This command will allow joining of two lines under the consideration that both the lines have a specific value in common. | join <file_1> <file_2> |
cut | This command helps to remove certain sections of a line. This can be done based on tabs, commas, etc. | cut -options <file_name> |
ispell/aspell | This command enables a user to find detect misspelt words and replace the word or continue. | ispell <file_name.txt> aspell -c <file_name.txt > |
chcase/tr | This command is used to change the uppercase letters in a file to lowercase. | cat <original_filename.txt> | chcase ‘[A-Z]’ ‘[a-z]’ > newfile.txt |
fmt | It is a simple command for text formatting. | |
paste | This command can be used to put lines from two files together. It arranges the lines as per options used. | paste <file_name1> <file_name2> |
expand | This command will convert 2 tabs into spaces and output it. | expand <file_name.txt> |
unexpand | This command will convert spaces into tabs and display it, | unexpand <file_name.txt> |
uniq | This command is used to remove the duplicate entries from a file. | uniq <list.txt> |
nl | This command is used to add numbers to each line and indent the text. | nl <file_name.txt> |
perl | This command is used to search and replace text. | perl -pi -e “s/search_string/new-string/g;” <file_name.txt> |
dos2unix/ fromdos | This command is used to convert Microsoft style end-of-line characters to Unix System end-of-line characters. | dos2unix <file_name.txt> |
unix2dos/todos | This command is used to convert Unix System style end-of-line characters to Microsoft System end-of-line characters. | unix2dos file_name.txt |
antiword | This is a filter command that is used to convert Microsoft word documents into plain ASCII text documents. | antiword file_name.txt |
recode | This command is used to convert text files between various forms of text encodings. By default, recode overwrites the file, hence it is suggested the user to use necessary options to avoid losing the original content. | recode ..pc < file_name.txt > new_file.txt |
encrypt | This command is used to convert text files to postscript, HTML, rich text file, etc. It goes with a number of options that helps to customize its output. | enscript - -language=HTML original_file.txt -o output_file.txt |
figlet | This is a unique command that can be used to convert an ASCII art. | |
grep | This command is used to search for a text within files. | grep ‘search_word’ file_name.txt Options like v,n,w,A x, B x and/or r can be used to customize the output. |
rgrep | It is recursive grep. It searches the respective subdirectories and files in the directory and displays the files names and the matching line. | grep -r option can be used for the same effect. |
fgrep | This command is used to find string literals only. | fgrep ‘string literal’ file_name.txt |
10. MATHEMATICAL COMMANDS
units | It helps to convert units of measurement between different scales. | units – verbose To exit – CTRL+D |
Python | It is a programming language which also makes a good calculator. This command executes the Python interpreter in interactive mode. | python To exit: CTRL – D |
numgrep | It searches for different occurrences of numbers, basically ranges, factors and sequences of numbers. | numgrep /<expression>/ |
11.NETWORK COMMANDS
ifconfig | This command is used to configure network parameters. | ifconfig -options |
tcpdump | It is a program that sniffs packets off network interface and interprets them. | sudo tcpdump -I any : captures all packets in any interface. |
ping | It sends echo requests to the specified host and lists the responses received in their round-trip time. | ping ip_or_host_name To stop ping – CTRL + C |
hostname | Displays the hostname of the | |
traceroute | Shows the route of a packet. | traceroute machine_name or IP |
tracepath | It si similar to traceroute, however it does not take complicated options with it. | tracepath machine_name or IP |
findsmb | It lists information about machines that respond to SMB name queries | findsmb |
telnet | This command helps to establish connection between two hosts. | telnet [hostname] |
nmap | It is used to query machines, if they are up and which ports they are on. | nmap machine_name |
ip | The ip command is used to perform network administration tasks. It can be used to set or delete ip addresses, verify changes, show routing table, change the default route, show network statistics, monitor netlink messages, activate and deactivate network interface and more. | ip a (ip address) ip (link) ip -s(ip stats) ip tunnel ip r |
host | Looks up the internet address using the Domain Name Server. | host_ipaddress | host domain_name |
dig | It is the domain information groper tool which outputs IP address, hostname and various other information. | dig -x <ip-address> returns the hostname dig works with various other options. |
whois | Used to look up contact information | |
wget | Used for downloading files from the world wide web | wget file_url: gets a file from the url wget -m: archives a single website wget -nc: to avoid overwriting and already archived file. wget -c: to continue archiving a file that was previously unfinished. |
curl | It is used to download information remotely. It works without user interaction and supports many internet protocols. It can access dictionary servers, ftp, http, gopher,etc. | curl -M: this will take you to its manual page. It has a lot many options going with it for accomplishing various tasks. |
12. REMOTE ADMINISTRATION
ssh | It is used to securely connect to a remote server/system. It transfers data in an encrypted from between the host and the client. | ssh user_name@host(IP/domain_name) |
scp | Allows copying of one file from one computer to another. | scp machine-to-be-copied-from machine-to-be-copied-to scp -r: Used for recursive copying. |
sftp | Secure ftp. It is an encrypted version of the ftp command, which transfers securely over a network. | sftp [user@]host[:file...] sftp [user@]host[:dir[/]] sftp -b batchfile [user@]host There are many other options that goes with this command. |
13. SECURITY
md5sum | Computes an md5 checksum to for the specified file_name to verify its integrity. | md5sum file_name |
mkpassword -1 10 | Gives a random password of 10 characters | |
14. BACKGROUND COMMANDS
at | ‘at’ is used to execute a command once on a specified day, at a specified time. | at 22:00 Then type the command and press the end-of-file key. |
at now + time | Runs the command at the + the time time specified. | at -f shell_script now+1hr |
atq | Lists the job in the queue. It does not take any options. | |
atrm | Removes a job from the at queue. | atrm job_no |
cron | It is used to schedule a particular function every minute, hour, day, week or month. | anacron is a command used for machines which are switched off. It runs the command when the machine is next switched on. |
crontab | It edits, reads and removes the files read by the cron daemon. | -e – edits file -l – lists the contents of the file -u username – to works with other uses crontab file. |
SHORTCUT COMMANDS
@reboot | Runs the command at reboot | |
@yearly | @anually @month | Same as 0011* | |
@monthly | same as 001** | |
@weekly | same as 00**0 | |
@daily | @midnight @hourly | same as 00*** | |
@hourly | same as 0**** | |